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Antibiotic Resistance Gene in GMO's: further reading
(Last revised: March 7, 2003)
Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP). 1994. Report on the
use of antibiotic resistance markers in genetically modified organisms. ACNFP,
Department of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. London.
Baquero, F., M. C. Negri, M. I. Morosini, and J. Blazquez. 1998. Antibiotic-selective environments. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 Suppl
1:S5-11.
Bertolla, F., and P. Simonet. 1999. Horizontal gene transfers in the environment:
natural transformation as a putative process for gene transfers between transgenic
plants and microorganisms. Res. Microbiol. 150: 375-384.
Bertolla, F., E. Kay, and P. Simonet. 2000. Potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes from transgenic
plants to microorganisms. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 21:390-393.
Bioteknologinemnda. The Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board: Nordic Seminar
on Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes and transgenic Plants. June 12-13,
1997. Oslo, Norway.
Can be ordered from: Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board, P.O. Box 8027 Dep,
N-0030 Oslo, Norway.
- Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes. A. A. Salyers.
- Assessing the risk of interkingdom DNA transfer. J. A. Heinemann.
- Horizontal gene transfer from genetically modified plants (GMP) to soil associated bacteria. K. M. Nielsen.
- Potentialities for DNA transfer from plants to soil microorganisms. F. Bertolla and P. Simonet.
- Natural background of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. K. Smalla, E. Wellington and J. D. van Elsas.
- Safety of transgenic food. S. G. Rogers.
- Techniques for creating marker free transgenic plants. D. W. Ow.
- New selection systems for plant transformation using cytokinin glucuronides, xylose or mannose. M. Joersbo.
Broer, I., W. Dröge-Lazer,
and M. Gerke. 1996. Examination of the putative horizontal gene transfer
from transgenic plants to agrobacteria. In: Transgenic
Organisms and Biosafety (Schmidt, E. R. and Handkeln, T., Eds.), pp. 67-70. Springer
Verlag, Berlin.
Casse Francine. Le maïs et la résistance aux antibiotiques. La Recherche
2000. 327:3538.
Clerc, S., and P. Simonet. 1998. A review of available systems to investigate transfer of DNA to indigenous
soil bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73(1):15-23.
Commission de Génie Génétique - Commission du génie biomoléculaire
(France). 2000. Avis sur la dispersion potentielle des gènes de résistance
aux antibiotiques.
Corpet, D.E. 1988. Antibiotic resistance from food. New Eng. J. Med. 318:1206-1207.
Courvalin, P. 1998. Plantes transgéniques et antibiotiques: Les OGM risquent-ils
d'aggraver le problème crucial de la résistance bactérienne?
La Recherche. Mai 1998.
de Vries, J., and W. Wackernagel. 1998. Detection of nptII (kanamycin resistance) genes in genomes of transgenic
plants by marker-rescue transformation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 257(6):606-613.
de Vries, J., P. Meier, and W. Wackernagel. 2001. The natural transformation of the
soil bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri and Acinetobacter sp. by transgenic
plant DNA strictly depends on homologous sequences in the recipient cells. FEMS
Microbiol. Rev. 195:211-215.
D'Halluin, K., et al. 1992. The bar gene as selectable and screenable marker in plant engineering.
Methods Enzymol. 216:415-426.
Droge, M., A. Puhler, and W. Selbitschka. 1998. Horizontal gene transfer as a biosafety issue: a natural phenomenon
of public concern. J. Biotechnol. 64(1):75-90.
European Commission - DG-Sanco - Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee
on Antimicrobial Resistance - 28 May 1999
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1994. Secondary Direct Food Additives Permitted
in Food for Human Cosumption; Food Additives Permitted in Feed and Drinking Water
of Animals; Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II. Federal Register 59:26700-26711.
Flavell, R. B., et al. 1992. Selectable marker genes: safe for plants? Biotechnology (N Y).
10(2):141-144.
FDA Documents Pertaining to AgBiotech
- Guidance for Industry: Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes in Transgenic Plants (September 1998).
- Review of FDA/Industry Consultations Regarding New Plant Varieties and Selectable Markers Used to Develop Them
Fuchs, R. L., et al. 1993. Purification and characterization of microbially expressed neomycin
phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein and its equivalence to the plant expressed
protein. Biotechnology (N Y). 11(13):1537-1542.
Fuchs, R. L., et al. 1993. Safety assessment of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII)
protein. Biotechnology (N Y). 11(13):1543-1547.
Gebhard, F., and K. Smalla. 1998. Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic
sugar beet DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(4):1550-1554.
Gebhard, F., and K. Smalla. 1999. Monitoring field releases of genetically modified
sugar beets for persistence of transgenic plant DNA and horizontal gene transfer.
FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 28:261-272.
Goldsbrough, A. 1992. Marker gene removal: a practical necessity? Trends Biotechnol.
10(12):417.
Health Canada. Environmental Substances Division. Biotechnology Section. 1993.
Workshop
on the assessment of microorganisms containing antibiotic resistance genes.
[pdf file]
Hoffmann, T., C. Golz, and O. Schieder. 1994. Foreign DNA sequences are received by a wild-type strain of Aspergillus
niger after co-culture with transgenic higher plants. Curr Genet. 27(1):70-76.
Khan, M. S., and P. Maliga. 1999. Fluorescent antibiotic resistance marker for tracking plastid
transformation in higher plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 17(9):910-915.
Klein, J., J. Altenbuchner, and R. Mattes. 1998. Nucleic acid and protein elimination during the sugar manufacturing
process of conventional and transgenic sugar beets. Biotechnol 60(3):145-153.
Kok, E. J., H. P. M. Noteborn, and H. A. Kuiper. 1994. Food safety assessment
of marker genes in transgenic crops. Trends in Food Sci. Tech. 5:294-298.
Liu, C.-Q., V. Leelawatcharamas, M. L. Harvey, and N. W. Dunn.
1996. Cloning vectors for Lactococci based on a plasmid encoding resistance
to cadmium. Curr. Microbiol. 33:35-39.
Mercer, D. K., K. P. Scott, W. A. Bruce-Johnson, L. A. Glover, and H. J. Flint.
1999. Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium Streptococcus
gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
65(1):6-10.
Metz, P. L. J., and J. P. Nap. 1997. A transgene-centered approach to the biosafety
of transgenic plants: overview of selection and reporter genes. Acta Bot. Neerl.
46:25-50.
Nap, J. P., J. Bijvoet, and W. J. Stikema. 1992. Biosafety of kanamycin-resistant transgenic plants. Transgenic
Res. 1:239-249.
Nielsen, K. M., F. Gebhard, K. Smalla, A. M. Bones, and J. D. van Elsas. Evaluation
of possible horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to the soil bacterium
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BD413. Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:815-821.
Nielsen, K. M., A. M. Bones, K. Smalla K, and J. D. van Elsas. 1998. Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to terrestrial
bacteria--a rare event? FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 22(2):79-103.
OECD. 1992. Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology: Concepts
and principles. OECD. Paris.
Redenbaugh, K., W. Hiatt, B. Martineau, J. Lindeman, and D. Emlay. 1994. Aminoglycoside
3'-phosphotransferase II (APH(3')II): review of its safety and use in the production
of genetically engineered plants. Food Biotechnology 8:137-165.
Redenbaugh, K., and J. Lindeman. 1994. Safety determination of the kanR
marker gene for use in tomato, cotton and oilseed rape. Biosafety of foods derived by modern biotechnology. Proc.
Basel Forum on Biosafety. Agency for biosafety research and assessment of technology
impacts of the Swiss priority programme biotechnology, Basel.
Salyers, A. 1993. Gene transfer in the mammalian intestinal tract. Curr. Opin.
Biotechnol. 4(3):294-298
Salyers, A. 1996. The real threat from antibiotics. Nature 384:304.
Schlüter, K, J. Fütterer, and I. Potrykus. 1995. "Horizontal" gene transfer from a transgenic potato
line to a bacterial pathogen (Erwinia chrysanthemi) occurs - if at all
- at an extremely low frequency. Biotechnology (N Y) 13:1094-1098.
Schubbert, R., D. Renz, B. Schmitz, and W. Doerfler. 1997. Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes,
spleen, and liver via the intestinal wall mucosa and can be covalently linked
to mouse DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:961-966.
SFT. 1997. The use of antibiotic resistance genes as marker
genes in genetically modified organisms. Report of the Norwegian Pollution Control
Authority. Norway.
Smalla, K. 1995. Horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants into plant
associated bacteria and soil bacteria. Safety of transgenic crops. Environmental and agricultural considerations.
Proc. Basel Forum of Biosafety. pp. 29-34. Agency for biosafety research
and assessment of technology impacts of the Swiss priority programme biotechnology,
Basel.
Smalla, K. F. Gebhard, and H. Heuer. 2000. Antibiotika-Resistenzgene als Marker
in genetechnisch veränderten Pflanzen - Gefahr durch horizontalen Gentransfer?
Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd. 52:62-67.
Smalla Kornelia (BBA Brauncshweig, Germany): Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic
Resistance Genes from Transgenic Plants to Bacteria-Are There New Data to Fuel
the Debate? Proceedings
of the 6th International Symposium on The Biosafety of Genetically Modified
Organisms. July 8-13th, 2000. Delta Bessborough Hotel, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
CANADA
Smalla Kornelia (BBA Brauncshweig, Germany): “Horizontal transfer of antibiotic
resistance genes from transgenic plants to bacteria — are there new data to
fuel the debate?” in Report of a Joint WHO/EURO – ANPA Seminar "Release
of GMOs in the environment: is it a health hazard?", World Health
Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Rome Division - Rome,
Italy, 7-9 September 2000.
The Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board. 1997. Nordic seminar on antibiotic
resistance marker genes and transgenic plants. Olso. Norway.
Widmer, F., R. J. Seidler, K. K. Donegan, and G. L. Reed. 1997. Quantification
of transgenic marker gene persistence in the field. Mol. Ecol. 6:1-7.
Witty, M. 1989. Thaumatin II: a simple marker gene for use in plants. Nucleic
Acids Res. 17(8):3312.
Witty, M. 1992. Thaumatin II: a sweet marker gene for use in plants. Methods
Enzymol. 216:441-7.
World Health Organization. 1993. Health aspects of marker genes in genetically
modified plants: report
of a WHO Workshop. World Health Organization, Geneva. 32 p (E) WHO/FNU/FOS/93.6.
(see report 36).
Yoder, J. I., and A. P. Goldsbrough. 1994. Transformation
systems for generating marker-free transgenic plants. Bio/Technology 12:263-267.
Additional information collected by the Service of Biosafety and Biotechnology to draft an answer to the demand of the Cabinet of federal minister Magda Aelvoet of Social Affairs, Public Health and Environment of 16 May 2002 requesting the set up of a proposal of Royal Decree for the immediate suspension of the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes (for the deliberate release as well as the placing on the market) on the basis of the Dutch policy on this subject. The answer of the SBB was published as a publication of the Scientific Institute of Public Health under the depot number D/2002/2505/28.
- Integrale Nota Biotechnologie van 28 september 2000. Pp. 33-34. Antibioticum resistentiegenen. Full text in PDF
- Standpunt van de COGEM ten aanzien van de toelaatbaarheid van het toepassen van antibioticum resitentiegenen in transgene planten (CGM/980929-06). Full text
- Advies COGEM en RIKILT betreffende antibiotica-resistentiegenen (CGM/000918-01) van 18 september 2000. Full text
- European Commission. Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance - 28 May 1999 pp. 38-41: 3.5. Antibiotic resistance marker genes in genetically modified plants. Full text or http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out50_en.pdf
- Stellungnahme der ZKBS (Zentrale Kommission für die biologische Sicherheit) zur Biologischen Sicherheit von Antibiotika-Resistenzgenen im Genom gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen (Az.: 6790-10-62 06.07.1999) from the Robert Koch Institut. Full text or http://www.rki.de/GENTEC/ZKBS/ALLGSTELL/99/ANTIBIOTIKA.HTM&1
- Evaluation des risques relatifs à la consommation de produits alimentaires composés ou issus d'organismes génétiquement modifiés. AFSSA pp. 23-32. Full text or http://www.afssa.fr
- Safety aspects of genetically modified foods from plant origin. June 2000. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on foods derived from biotechnology. pp. 11-13. Full text or http://www.fao.org/es/esn/gm/gmreport.pdf
- OECD. Task force for the safety of novel foods and feeds C(2000)86ADD1. pp 17-19. Full text or www.oecd.org
- OECD. Report of the working group on harmonisation of regulatory oversight in biotechnology. C(2000)86/ADD2. pp. 29-30. Full text or www.oecd.org
- Codex Alimentarius. 2002. Draft guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plants. Section 5. §55. Full text or http://www.codexalimentarius.net/reports.asp (click on PDF of ALINORM 03/34) . The draft guideline is appendix III of the report.
- The biosafety of antibiotic resistance markers in plant transformation and the dissemination of genes through horizontal gene flow. Gay 2001. In 'Safety of genectically engineered crops'. VIB report. Full text or http://www.vib.be/frame.cfm (click on Biotechnology / biosafety & bioethics / more details)
- Antibiotic resistance markers in GM crops. Briefing paper of the European Federation of Biotechnology. Full text or http://www.efbpublic.org (click on Health, food & life).
- Document of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition (SCAN) on antibiotic resistetance. Full text or http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scan/out64_en.pdf
- Avis sur la dispersion potentielle des gènes de resistance aux antibitiques de la Commission de Génie Génétique - Commission du génie biomoléculaire Full text or http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/commis/genetique/antibio/defaultb.htm
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